如何在SQL Server中由原子建立分子查询
发布时间:2015-11-23 00:00
来源:未知
每位SQL Server开发员都有自己的首选操作方法。我的方法叫做分子查询。这些是由原子查询组合起来的查询,通过它们我可以处理一个表格。将原子组合起来,可以建立分子。当然也会有限制(化学家所称的化合价),但一般来说,这个原理还是适用的。
在本文中,我将探讨这种策略的几种变化。我从最基本的内容开始(即最详细的内容),然后逐步深化。为让你了解这种方法的灵活性,我会在不同层次使用几种技巧。(警告:这并不是唯一的解决方法,我只是在讨论一些可行的选择。)
我从普遍使用的数据库Northwind开始(虽然为了保留原貌,我把它复制到Northwind_New中,实际这才是我使用的数据库。)在我的拷贝中,我做出这些重要的修改。
我删除了复合主键,增加一个叫做PK的新列,并将其设为Identity列。
我增加了一个称作ExtendedAmount的计算列。
USE [Northwind_New]
GO
/****** Object: Table [dbo].[OrderDetails_New]
Script Date: 08/23/2006 16:15:42 ******/
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO
CREATETABLE [dbo].[OrderDetails_New](
[OrderDetailID] [int] IDENTITY(1,1)NOTNULL,
[OrderID] [int] NOTNULL,
[ProductID] [int] NOTNULL,
[UnitPrice] [money] NOTNULL,
[Quantity] [smallint] NOTNULL,
[Discount] [real] NOTNULL,
[ExtendedAmount] AS([Quantity] * [UnitPrice] *(1 - [Discount])),
CONSTRAINT [PK_OrderDetails_New] PRIMARYKEYCLUSTERED
(
[OrderDetailID] ASC
)ON [PRIMARY]
)ON [PRIMARY] |
列表A
列表A中包含建立这个新表格的新建(Create)语句。我用这个命令将它和值从原始表格中迅速移植出来:
INSERT INTO [Northwind_New].[dbo].[OrderDetails_New]
SELECT * FROM [Northwind_New].[dbo].[Order Details] |
既然我有一个多行的表格,是时候开始实验了。(一旦新列ExtendedAmount被计算,其值会自动移植。)最初,我想用OrderID计算ExtendedAmount列的总数。我建立一个视图,如列表B所示。
USE [Northwind_New]
GO
/****** Object: View [dbo].
[OrderDetailsSumByOrderID_vue]Script Date: 08/23/2006 16:31:18 ******/
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO
CREATE VIEW [dbo].[OrderDetailsSumByOrderID_vue]
AS
SELECT TOP 100 PERCENT OrderID,
SUM(ExtendedAmount) AS TotalAmount
FROM dbo.OrderDetails_New
GROUP BY OrderID
ORDER BY OrderID |
列表B
我每行得到一个OrderID,ExtendedAmount的列数得到总计。(称之为OrderAmount,将航运,税收等相加得到OrderTotal)。
我会在等式中引入一个表格UDF,如列表C所示。注意,我可以用两种方法调用函数:提交CustomerID将表格限定为那个顾客的订单,或提交一个NULL获得所有顾客订单列表。假如我提交CustomerID,那么订单列表就出现在OrderDate中;假如我提交NULL,列表就被分组并在CustomerID中由OrderDate排序。
set ANSI_NULLS ON
set QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
go
-- =============================================
-- Author: Arthur Fuller
-- Create date: 23 Aug 2006
-- Description: Table UDF to return Order Totals by Customer
-- Example: SELECT * FROM dbo.CustomerOrderTotals_fnt('VINET')
-- Example: SELECT * FROM dbo.CustomerOrderTotals_fnt(NULL)
-- Notes: This udf is designed to serve two
-- purposes. Pass a CustomerID to limit the rows to
-- that customer, or pass nothing to get all customers
-- =============================================
ALTERFUNCTION [dbo].[CustomerOrderTotals_fnt]
(
-- Add the parameters for the function here
@CustomerID varchar(5)=NULL
)
RETURNS TABLE
AS
RETURN
(
-- Add the SELECT statement with parameter references here
SELECTTOP 100 PERCENT
dbo.Customers.CustomerID,
dbo.Customers.CompanyName,
dbo.Orders.OrderID,
dbo.Orders.OrderDate,
dbo.OrderDetailsSumByOrderID_vue.TotalAmount
FROM
dbo.Customers
INNERJOIN
dbo.Orders ON dbo.Customers.CustomerID = dbo.Orders.CustomerID
INNERJOIN
dbo.OrderDetailsSumByOrderID_vue
ON dbo.Orders.OrderID = dbo.OrderDetailsSumByOrderID_vue.OrderID
WHERE
dbo.Customers.CustomerID = @CustomerID
OR @CustomerID ISNULL
ORDERBY dbo.Orders.OrderDate
)
--try it with these:
--SELECT * FROM dbo.CustomerOrderTotals_fnt('VINET')
--SELECT * FROM dbo.CustomerOrderTotals_fnt(NULL) |
列表C
-- ================================================
-- Template generated from Template Explorer using:
-- Create Inline Function (New Menu).SQL
--
-- Use the Specify Values for Template Parameters
-- command (Ctrl-Shift-M) to fill in the parameter
-- values below.
--
-- This block of comments will not be included in
-- the definition of the function.
-- ================================================
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO
-- =============================================
-- Author: Arthur Fuller
-- Create date: 23 Aug 2006
-- Description: Return total sales by Customer
-- Example:
-- SELECT CustomerID, CustomerTotal
-- FROM DBO.CustomerGrandTotal_fnt(null)
-- SELECT CustomerID, CustomerTotal
-- FROM DBO.CustomerGrandTotal_fnt('VINET')
-- SELECT CustomerID, CustomerTotal
-- FROM DBO.CustomerGrandTotal_fnt('VINET')
-- =============================================
CREATEFUNCTION CustomerGrandTotal_fnt
(
@CustomerID varchar(5)
)
RETURNS TABLE
AS
RETURN
(
-- Add the SELECT statement with parameter references here
SELECTTOP 100 PERCENT
CustomerID,
SUM(TotalAmount)AS CustomerTotal
FROM dbo.CustomerOrderTotals_fnt(@CustomerID)
WHERE dbo.CustomerOrderTotals_fnt.CustomerID = @CustomerID
OR @CustomerID ISNULL
GROUPBY CustomerID
ORDERBY CustomerID
)
GO |
列表D
更深入一步,我每个顾客打印一行,用一列显示每名顾客的总销售额。查看列表D。并不是所有项目都得到组合。在最外层,我能够以两种方式调用这个函数:提交合法CustomerID或UNLL。以下是它们各自的实例:
SELECT CustomerID, CustomerTotal
FROM DBO.CustomerGrandTotal_fnt(null)
SELECT CustomerID, CustomerTotal
FROM DBO.CustomerGrandTotal_fnt('VINET') |
现在你有了一组精确的工具来帮助你挖掘适当层次的细节。计算列OrderDetails.ExtendedAmount隐藏了一个复杂层次,从那我又深入到我希望隐藏的细节。这就是我把这些对象叫做原子和分子查询的原因。我使用“查询”一词来概括这样一个事实,即讨论的对象是视图还是表格UDF并不重要。(虽然由于命名规则,suffix _fnt表示一个表格UDF,而suffix _vue表示一个视图。)
必须承认,Northwind数据库中没有大量的行,但我认为这种技巧可以得到很好地扩充。更为重要的是,我喜欢它提供的粒度。我能够做我想做的,并按要求重新使用或重新组合原子。