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你知道你的电脑 1 秒钟能做多少事情吗?

发布时间:2015-11-01 00:00 来源:未知

让我们来看看你有多么了解电脑!所有这些程序的数值都是可变的。你的任务是:在程序花费1秒运行之前猜测它的大概值。

你并不需要猜出一个精确值:选择范围在1和10亿之间。你只要能猜出正确的数量级,就算正确!下面是一些注意事项:

假如答案是38,000,那么你选择10,000或100,000,我们就认为都是正确答案。误差只要在10倍范围内就ok:) 我们知道不同的计算机有不同的磁盘、网络和CPU速度!我们会告诉运行10次/秒和10万次/秒的代码之间的差别。更新的电脑不会让你的代码运行速度快1000倍:) 也就是说,所有这一切都是运行在一台新的拥有一个快速的SSD和一个凑合的网络连接的笔记本电脑上的。 C代码用gcc -O2编译。

祝你好运!

你知道你的电脑 1 秒钟能做多少事情吗?

欢迎来到第一个程序!这一个只是让你练练手的:1秒能完成多少循环? (结果可能比你想象得更多!)

猜猜下面的程序每秒执行多少次循环:

#include <stdlib.h>

// Number to guess: How many iterations of
// this loop can we go through in a second 

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
    int NUMBER, I, s;
    NUMBER = atoi(argv[1]);

    for (s = I = 0; I < NUMBER; ++i) {
        s += 1;
    }

    return 0;
}

准确答案:550,000,000

猜猜下面的程序每秒执行多少次循环:

#!/usr/bin/env python

# Number to guess: How many iterations of an
# empty loop can we go through in a second 

def f(NUMBER):
    for _ in xrange(NUMBER):
        pass

import sys
f(int(sys.argv[1]))

准确答案:68,000,000

当我看着代码的时候,我想的是1毫秒完成多少次——我以为是微不足道的,但事实是,即使是Python,你也可以在1毫秒的时间内执行68,000次空循环迭代。

下面让我们来探讨一个更接近现实的用例。在Python中字典几乎是无处不在的,那么在1秒时间内我们可以用Python添加多少元素呢?
然后再来看一个更复杂的操作——使用Python的内置HTTP请求解析器来解析请求。

猜猜下面的程序每秒执行多少次循环:

#!/usr/bin/env python

# Number to guess: How many entries can
# we add to a dictionary in a second 

# Note: we take `I % 1000` to control
# the size of the dictionary

def f(NUMBER):
    d = {}
    for I in xrange(NUMBER):
        d[I % 1000] = I

import sys
f(int(sys.argv[1]))

准确答案:11,000,000

猜猜下面的程序每秒处理多少次HTTP请求:

#!/usr/bin/env python

# Number to guess: How many HTTP requests
# can we parse in a second 

from BaseHTTPServer import BaseHTTPRequestHandler
from StringIO import StringIO

class HTTPRequest(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
    def __init__(self, request_text):
        self.rfile = StringIO(request_text)
        self.raw_requestline = self.rfile.readline()
        self.error_code = self.error_message = None
        self.parse_request()

    def send_error(self, code, message):
        self.error_code = code
        self.error_message = message

request_text = """GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:8001
Connection: keep-alive
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/45.0.2454.85 Safari/537.36
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, sdch
Accept-Language: en-GB,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.6
"""

def f(NUMBER):
    for _ in range(NUMBER):
        HTTPRequest(request_text)

import sys
f(int(sys.argv[1]))

准确答案:25,000

我们每秒可以解析25,000个小的HTTP请求!有一件事我要在这里指出的是,这里请求解析的代码是用纯Python编写的,而不是C。

接下来,大家要试试下载网页与运行Python脚本!提示:少于1亿:)

猜猜下面的程序每秒可以完成多少次HTTP请求:

#!/usr/bin/env python

# Number to guess: How many times can we
# download google.com in a second 

from urllib2 import urlopen

def f(NUMBER):
    for _ in xrange(NUMBER):
        r = urlopen("http://google.com")
        r.read()

import sys
f(int(sys.argv[1]))

准确答案:4

猜猜下面的程序每秒可以执行多少次循环:

#!/bin/bash

# Number to guess: How many times can we start
# the Python interpreter in a second 

NUMBER=$1

for I in $(seq $NUMBER); do
    python -c '';
done

准确答案:77

启动程序实际上昂贵在其本身,而不是启动Python。假如我们只是运行/bin/true,那么1秒能做500次,所以看起来运行任何程序只需要大约1毫秒时间。当然,下载网页的快慢很大程度上取决于网页大小,网络连接速度,以及服务器间的距离,不过今天我们不谈网络性能。我的一个朋友说,高性能的网络完成网络往返甚至可能只要250纳秒(!!!),但这是在计算机位置更相邻,硬件更好的情况下。

1秒时间能够在磁盘中写入多少字节?我们都知道写到内存中时速度会更快,但是究竟会快多少呢?对了,下面的代码运行在带有SSD的计算机上。

猜猜下面的程序每秒可以写入多少字节数据:

#!/usr/bin/env python

# Number to guess: How many bytes can we write
# to an output file in a second 
# Note: we make sure everything is sync'd to disk
# before exiting
import tempfile
import os

CHUNK_SIZE = 1000000
s = "a" * CHUNK_SIZE

def cleanup(f, name):
    f.flush()
    os.fsync(f.fileno())
    f.close()
    try:
        os.remove(name)
    except:
        pass

def f(NUMBER):
    name = './out'
    f = open(name, 'w')
    bytes_written = 0
    while bytes_written < NUMBER:
        f.write(s)
        bytes_written += CHUNK_SIZE
    cleanup(f, name)

import sys
f(int(sys.argv[1]))

准确答案:342,000,000

猜猜下面的程序每秒可以写入多少字节数据:

#!/usr/bin/env python

# Number to guess: How many bytes can we write
# to a string in memory in a second 

import cStringIO

CHUNK_SIZE = 1000000
s = "a" * CHUNK_SIZE

def f(NUMBER):
    output = cStringIO.StringIO()
    bytes_written = 0
    while bytes_written < NUMBER:
        output.write(s)
        bytes_written += CHUNK_SIZE

import sys
f(int(sys.argv[1]))

准确答案:2,000,000,000

下面轮到文件了!有时候,运行一个大型的grep之后,它可以永恒跑下去。在1秒时间内,grep可以搜索多少字节?
请注意,在这么做的时候,grep正在读取的字节已经在内存中。
文件列表同样需要时间!1秒能列出多少文件?

猜猜下面的程序每秒可以搜索多少字节的数据:

#!/bin/bash 

# Number to guess: How many bytes can `grep`
# search, unsuccessfully, in a second 
# Note: the bytes are in memory

NUMBER=$1

cat /dev/zero | head -c $NUMBER | grep blah
exit 0

准确答案:2,000,000,000

猜猜下面的程序每秒可以列出多少文件:

#!/bin/bash

# Number to guess: How many files can `find` list in a second 
# Note: the files will be in the filesystem cache.

Find / -name '*' 2> /dev/null | head -n $1 > /dev/null

准确答案:325,000

序列化是一个普遍要花费大量时间的地方,让人很蛋疼,特别是假如你反复结束序列化/反序列化相同数据的时候。这里有几个基准:转换64K大小的JSON格式数据,与同样大小的msgpack格式数据。

猜猜下面的程序每秒可以执行多少次循环:

#!/usr/bin/env python

# Number to guess: How many times can we parse
# 64K of JSON in a second 

import json

with open('./setup/protobuf/message.json') as f:
    message = f.read()

def f(NUMBER):
    for _ in xrange(NUMBER):
        json.loads(message)

import sys
f(int(sys.argv[1]))

准确答案:449

猜猜下面的程序每秒可以执行多少次循环:

#!/usr/bin/env python

# Number to guess: How many times can we parse
# 46K of msgpack data in a second 

import msgpack

with open('./setup/protobuf/message.msgpack') as f:
    message = f.read()

def f(NUMBER):
    for _ in xrange(NUMBER):
        msgpack.unpackb(message)

import sys
f(int(sys.argv[1]))

准确答案:4,000

数据库。没有任何类似于PostgreSQL花里胡哨的东西,我们做了2份有1000万行数据的SQLite表,一个是有索引的,另一个是未建索引的。

猜猜下面的程序每秒可以执行多少次查询:

#!/usr/bin/env python

# Number to guess: How many times can we
# select a row from an **indexed** table with 
# 10,000,000 rows 

import sqlite3

conn = sqlite3.connect('./indexed_db.sqlite')
c = conn.cursor()
def f(NUMBER):
    query = "select * from my_table where key = %d" % 5
    for I in xrange(NUMBER):
        c.execute(query)
        c.fetchall()

import sys
f(int(sys.argv[1]))

准确答案:53,000

猜猜下面的程序每秒执行多少次查询:

#!/usr/bin/env python

# Number to guess: How many times can we
# select a row from an **unindexed** table with 
# 10,000,000 rows 

import sqlite3

conn = sqlite3.connect('./unindexed_db.sqlite')
c = conn.cursor()
def f(NUMBER):
    query = "select * from my_table where key = %d" % 5
    for I in xrange(NUMBER):
        c.execute(query)
        c.fetchall()

import sys
f(int(sys.argv[1]))

准确答案:2

下面要说Hash算法!在这里,我们将比较MD5和bcrypt。用MD5你在1秒时间内可以哈希到相当多的东西,而用bcrypt则不能。

猜猜下面的程序每秒可以哈希多少字节的数据:

#!/usr/bin/env python

# Number to guess: How many bytes can we md5sum in a second 

import hashlib

CHUNK_SIZE = 10000
s = 'a' * CHUNK_SIZE

def f(NUMBER):
    bytes_hashed = 0
    h = hashlib.md5()
    while bytes_hashed < NUMBER:
        h.update(s)
        bytes_hashed += CHUNK_SIZE
    h.digest()
import sys
f(int(sys.argv[1]))

准确答案:455,000,000

猜猜下面的程序每秒可以哈希多少字节的密码:

#!/usr/bin/env python

# Number to guess: How many passwords
# can we bcrypt in a second 

import bcrypt

password = 'a' * 100

def f(NUMBER):
    for _ in xrange(NUMBER):
        bcrypt.hashpw(password, bcrypt.gensalt())

import sys
f(int(sys.argv[1]))

准确答案:3

接下来,大家要说一说内存访问。 现在的CPU有L1和L2缓存,这比主内存访问速度更快。这意味着,循序访问内存通常比不按顺序访问内存能提供更快的代码。

猜猜下面的程序每秒可以向内存写入多少字节数据:

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

// Number to guess: How big of an array (in bytes)
// can we allocate and fill in a second 

// this is intentionally more complicated than it needs to be
// so that it matches the out-of-order version

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
    int NUMBER, I;
    NUMBER = atoi(argv[1]);

    char* array = malloc(NUMBER);
    int j = 1;
    for (I = 0; I < NUMBER; ++i) {
        j = j * 2;
        if (j > NUMBER) {
            j = j - NUMBER;
        }
        array[i] = j;
    }

    printf("%d", array[NUMBER / 7]);
    // so that -O2 doesn't optimize out the loop

    return 0;
}

准确答案:376,000,000

猜猜下面的程序每秒可以向内存写入多少字节数据:

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

// Number to guess: How big of an array (in bytes)
// can we allocate and fill with 5s in a second 
// The catch: We do it out of order instead of in order.
Int main(int argc, char **argv) {
    int NUMBER, I;
    NUMBER = atoi(argv[1]);

    char* array = malloc(NUMBER);
    int j = 1;
    for (I = 0; I < NUMBER; ++i) {
        j = j * 2;
        if (j > NUMBER) {
            j = j - NUMBER;
        }
        array[j] = j;
    }

    printf("%d", array[NUMBER / 7]);
    // so that -O2 doesn't optimize out the loop

    return 0;
}

准确答案:68,000,000

欢迎大家去试一试,给我们留下宝贵的意见。