发布时间:2014-10-08 00:00 来源:segmentfault
PageRank算法是谷歌曾经独步天下的“倚天剑”,该算法由Larry Page和Sergey Brin在斯坦福大学读研时发明的,论文点击下载: The PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web。
本篇文章首先通过一些参考文献引出问题,然后给出了PageRank的几种实现算法,最后将其推广至在MapReduce框架下怎样实现PageRank算法。
PageRank的核心思想有2点:
1.假如一个网页被很多其他网页链接到的话说明这个网页比较重要,也就是pagerank值会相对较高;
2.假如一个pagerank值很高的网页链接到一个其他的网页,那么被链接到的网页的pagerank值会相应地因此而提高。
下面是一张来自WikiPedia的图,每个球代表一个网页,球的大小反应了网页的pagerank值的大小。指向网页B和网页E的链接很多,所以B和E的pagerank值较高,另外,虽然很少有网页指向C,但是最重要的网页B指向了C,所以C的pagerank值比E还要大。
参考内容:
1.Wiki about PageRank
2.Google 的秘密- PageRank 彻底解说 中文版
3.数值分析与算法 Page 161 应用实例:Google的PageRank算法
4.Numeric Methods with Matlab 或者中文翻译版本Matlab数值计算
5.使用 MapReduce 思想计算 PageRank Page 62 PageRank和马尔可夫链
来自参考内容3
来自参考内容3,理解网页连接矩阵$G$,马尔科夫过程(“网上冲浪”),转移矩阵$A$,概率$p$为用户点击当前网页中的某个链接地址的概率(一般都为0.85)。
最后得到一个等式$Ax=x$,这实际上就是求矩阵$A$的特征值为1的特征向量!
下面的内容使用圆盘定理解释了1是矩阵$A$的主特征值,所以我们可以使用幂法来求解。
关于幂法的详细介绍参考另一篇文章Numerical Methods Using Matlab: 第三章 矩阵特征值和奇异值求解
假设有如上图右侧所示的网页链接模型。
(1) 幂法
wiki上有一个PageRank的简便算法,它不考虑转移概率,而是采用的是迭代的方式,每次都更新所有网页的pagerank值,更新的方式就是将每个网页的pagerank值平摊分给它指向的所有网页,每个网页累计所有指向它的网页平摊给它的值作为它该回合的pagerank值,直到全部网页的pagerank值收敛了或者满足一定的阈值条件就停止。
后面的MapReduce框架下PageRank算法的实现就采用了这个思想。考虑转移概率的情况和这个算法类似,乘上一个转移概率再加上一个随机跳转的概率。
根据上面的思想,下面Matlab代码实现可以得到各个网页的PageRank值。
n=6; i=[2 3 4 4 5 6 1 6 1]; j=[1 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 6]; G=sparse(i,j,1,n,n); % Power method for j = 1:n L{j} = find(G(:,j)); c(j) = length(L{j}); end p = .85; delta = (1-p)/n; x = ones(n,1)/n; z = zeros(n,1); cnt = 0; while max(abs(x-z)) > .0001 z = x; x = zeros(n,1); for j = 1:n if c(j) == 0 x = x + z(j)/n;%转移到任意一个网页 else x(L{j}) = x(L{j}) + z(j)/c(j);%将上次的pagerank值平摊给所有指向的网页 end end x = p*x + delta; cnt = cnt+1; end
得到的向量$x$保存了各个网页的pagerank值,虽然链接数目一样,但是网页①比网页④和网页⑤都高,而网页②的pagerank值第二高,因为网页①链接到了它上面,相当于沾了网页①的光。
x = 0.2675 0.2524 0.1323 0.1698 0.0625 0.1156
该文给出该算法的一个Python版本实现,该博主使用第三方模块python-graph,python-graph模块实现了很多图算法,该模块的使用示例,使用前需要先安装,代码如下:
easy_install python-graph-core easy_install python-graph-dot
Python版本的算法实现:
# coding=utf-8 # python-graph https://code.google.com/p/python-graph/ # Import graphviz import graphviz as gv # Import pygraph from pygraph.classes.digraph import digraph from pygraph.readwrite.dot import write # Define pagerank function def pagerank(graph, damping_factor=0.85, max_iterations=100, \ min_delta=0.00001): """ Compute and return the PageRank in an directed graph. @type graph: digraph @param graph: Digraph. @type damping_factor: number @param damping_factor: PageRank dumping factor. @type max_iterations: number @param max_iterations: Maximum number of iterations. @type min_delta: number @param min_delta: Smallest variation required for a new iteration. @rtype: Dict @return: Dict containing all the nodes PageRank. """ nodes = graph.nodes() graph_size = len(nodes) if graph_size == 0: return {} # value for nodes without inbound links min_value = (1.0-damping_factor)/graph_size # itialize the page rank dict with 1/N for all nodes #pagerank = dict.fromkeys(nodes, 1.0/graph_size) pagerank = dict.fromkeys(nodes, 1.0) for i in range(max_iterations): diff = 0 #total difference compared to last iteraction # computes each node PageRank based on inbound links for node in nodes: rank = min_value for referring_page in graph.incidents(node): rank += damping_factor * pagerank[referring_page] / \ len(graph.neighbors(referring_page)) diff += abs(pagerank[node] - rank) pagerank[node] = rank print 'This is NO.%s iteration' % (i+1) print pagerank print '' #stop if PageRank has converged if diff < min_delta: break return pagerank # Graph creation gr = digraph() # Add nodes and edges gr.add_nodes(["1","2","3","4"]) gr.add_edge(("1","2")) gr.add_edge(("1","3")) gr.add_edge(("1","4")) gr.add_edge(("2","3")) gr.add_edge(("2","4")) gr.add_edge(("3","4")) gr.add_edge(("4","2")) # Draw as PNG # dot = write(gr) # gvv = gv.readstring(dot) # gv.layout(gvv,'dot') # gv.render(gvv,'png','Model.png') pagerank(gr)
经过32次迭代之后得到的结果如下,和前面的结果一致:
This is NO.32 iteration {'1': 0.2675338708706491, '3': 0.13227261904986046, '2': 0.2524037902400518, '5': 0.062477242064127136, '4': 0.1697488529161491, '6': 0.1155828978186352}
(2) 利用马尔可夫矩阵的特殊结构
来自参考内容4,其中$\delta=\frac{1-p}{n}$
也就是将矩阵$A$进行分解,并不需要显示求出矩阵$A$,然后便是求解一个线性方程组即可。
function x = pagerank1(G) % PAGERANK1 Google's PageRank modified version 1 - hujiawei %if nargin < 3, p = .85; end p=0.85; % Eliminate any self-referential links G = G - diag(diag(G)); % c = out-degree, r = in-degree [n,n] = size(G); c = sum(G,1);%each row's sum r = sum(G,2);%each col's sum % Scale column sums to be 1 (or 0 where there are no out links). k = find(c~=0); D = sparse(k,k,1./c(k),n,n); % Solve (I - p*G*D)*x = e e = ones(n,1); I = speye(n,n); x = (I - p*G*D)\e; % Normalize so that sum(x) == 1. x = x/sum(x);
(3) 巧妙解法:逆迭代算法
巧妙利用Matlab中的精度误差导致原本是一个奇异矩阵的$I-A$变成一个非奇异矩阵,运行时只是会有些警告提示,但是运行结果和其他算法一样。
function x = pagerank2(G) % PAGERANK1 Google's PageRank modified version 2 - hujiawei % using inverse iteration method %if nargin < 3, p = .85; end p=0.85; % Eliminate any self-referential links G = G - diag(diag(G)); % c = out-degree, r = in-degree [n,n] = size(G); c = sum(G,1);%each row's sum r = sum(G,2);%each col's sum % Scale column sums to be 1 (or 0 where there are no out links). k = find(c~=0); D = sparse(k,k,1./c(k),n,n); % Solve (I - p*G*D)*x = e e = ones(n,1); I = speye(n,n); % x = (I - p*G*D)\e; delta=(1-p)/n; A=p*G*D+delta; x=(I-A)\e; % Normalize so that sum(x) == 1. x = x/sum(x);
最后,附上参考内容4中给出的一份好代码,用于模拟随机冲浪生成矩阵$G$的代码
function [U,G] = surfer(root,n) % SURFER Create the adjacency graph of a portion of the Web. % [U,G] = surfer(root,n) starts at the URL root and follows % Web links until it forms an adjacency graph with n nodes. % U = a cell array of n strings, the URLs of the nodes. % G = an n-by-n sparse matrix with G(i,j)=1 if node j is linked to node i. % % Example: [U,G] = surfer('http://www.harvard.edu',500); % See also PAGERANK. % % This function currently has two defects. (1) The algorithm for % finding links is naive. We just look for the string 'http:'. % (2) An attempt to read from a URL that is accessible, but very slow, % might take an unacceptably long time to complete. In some cases, % it may be necessary to have the operating system terminate MATLAB. % Key words from such URLs can be added to the skip list in surfer.m. % Initialize clf shg set(gcf,'doublebuffer','on') axis([0 n 0 n]) axis square axis ij box on set(gca,'position',[.12 .20 .78 .78]) uicontrol('style','frame','units','normal','position',[.01 .09 .98 .07]); uicontrol('style','frame','units','normal','position',[.01 .01 .98 .07]); t1 = uicontrol('style','text','units','normal','position',[.02 .10 .94 .04], ... 'horiz','left'); t2 = uicontrol('style','text','units','normal','position',[.02 .02 .94 .04], ... 'horiz','left'); slow = uicontrol('style','toggle','units','normal', ... 'position',[.01 .24 .07 .05],'string','slow','value',0); quit = uicontrol('style','toggle','units','normal', ... 'position',[.01 .17 .07 .05],'string','quit','value',0); U = cell(n,1); hash = zeros(n,1); G = logical(sparse(n,n)); m = 1; U{m} = root; hash(m) = hashfun(root); j = 1; while j < n & get(quit,'value') == 0 % Try to open a page. try set(t1,'string',sprintf('%5d %s',j,U{j})) set(t2,'string',''); drawnow page = urlread(U{j}); catch set(t1,'string',sprintf('fail: %5d %s',j,U{j})) drawnow continue end if get(slow,'value') pause(.25) end % Follow the links from the open page. for f = findstr('http:',page); % A link starts with 'http:' and ends with the next quote. e = min([findstr('"',page(f:end)) findstr('''',page(f:end))]); if isempty(e), continue, end url = deblank(page(f:f+e-2)); url(url<' ') = '!'; % Nonprintable characters if url(end) == '/', url(end) = []; end % Look for links that should be skipped. skips = {'.gif','.jpg','.pdf','.css','lmscadsi','cybernet', ... 'search.cgi','.ram','www.w3.org', ... 'scripts','netscape','shockwave','webex','fansonly'}; skip = any(url=='!') | any(url==' '); k = 0; while ~skip & (k < length(skips)) k = k+1; skip = ~isempty(findstr(url,skips{k})); end if skip if isempty(findstr(url,'.gif')) & isempty(findstr(url,'.jpg')) set(t2,'string',sprintf('skip: %s',url)) drawnow if get(slow,'value') pause(.25) end end continue end % Check if page is already in url list. i = 0; for k = find(hash(1:m) == hashfun(url))'; if isequal(U{k},url) i = k; break end end % Add a new url to the graph there if are fewer than n. if (i == 0) & (m < n) m = m+1; U{m} = url; hash(m) = hashfun(url); i = m; end % Add a new link. if i > 0 G(i,j) = 1; set(t2,'string',sprintf('%5d %s',i,url)) line(j,i,'marker','.','markersize',6) drawnow if get(slow,'value') pause(.25) end end end j = j+1; end delete(t1) delete(t2) delete(slow) set(quit,'string','close','callback','close(gcf)','value',0) %------------------------ function h = hashfun(url) % Almost unique numeric hash code for pages already visited. h = length(url) + 1024*sum(url);
利用前面wiki上的迭代(或者幂法)的思想来实现MapReduce框架下PageRank算法很简单,可以先阅读下参考内容5。
该文using-mapreduce-to-compute-pagerank更加详细,可以参考
以下是我的大数据的一次作业,要求是参考wiki上的简便算法,实现MapReduce框架下的PageRank算法。给的数据集是Twitter的用户之间的关系,可以看做是网页之间的关系,但是助教没要求写代码以及运行这个数据集(有1G多),所以下面只是一个Python版本的理想可行版本,并没有通过实际大数据集的验证,另外,博主暂时还不太会Python的mapreduce框架中的一些函数,所以实现的是一个简明的可以测试的PageRank算法。
map函数的输入是<节点,从该节点引出的边列表>,其中节点是一个类,包含了其当前的pagerank值,输出是<节点,反向节点pagerank值/反向节点引出边的总数>;
reduce函数的输入是<节点,反向节点pagerank值/反向节点引出边的总数>,输出是<节点,从该节点引出的边列表>,其中节点包含了其更新后的pagerank值。
伪代码: [一时犯二写了个英文形式的 ]
process the data to the form of {node i:[its adjacent node list],...} while the sum of difference between the last two pagerank values < threshold map({node i:[its adjacent node list],...}): map_output={} for every node j in adjacent node list: put or sum up {j:(i, PageRank(i)/length(adjacent node list))} into map_output return map_output reduce(map_output): reduce_output={} for every entry {j:(i, PageRank(i)/length(adjacent node list))} in map_output: put or sum up all values pagerank values for node j with its adjacent node list into reduce_output return reduce_output
假设用户1,2,3,4是如下图所示的关系:
假设有2个mapper(A和B)和1个reducer(C),初始时4个节点的pagerank值都是0.25
其中,关于用户1和2的数据被mapperA读取并处理,关于用户3和4的数据被mapperB读取并处理 [经验证,即使一个用户的数据是由不同的mapper来读取的,最终收敛到的结果差不多]
map的输入输出结果如下:
reduce的输入输出结果如下,输入是2个mapper的输出,输出的结果中更新了节点的pagerank值
reducer处理完了之后又将它的结果输入给mapper处理,直到迭代的次数超过了设定值或者两次迭代之后得到的所有节点的pagerank值之差的总和(也可以是取二范数)小于设定的阈值。
(1)首先是使用Matlab采用幂法的方式计算出在p=1.0的情况下示例得到的结果 [它的主要作用是验证后面python版本的正确性]
matlab源码如下:
n=4; i=[2 3 4 3 4 4 1 2]; j=[1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4]; G=sparse(i,j,1,n,n); [n,n] = size(G); for j = 1:n L{j} = find(G(:,j)); c(j) = length(L{j}); end % Power method p=1.0; delta = (1-p)/n; x = ones(n,1)/n; z = zeros(n,1); cnt = 0; while max(abs(x-z)) > .0001 z = x; x = zeros(n,1); for j = 1:n if c(j) == 0 x = x + z(j)/n; else x(L{j}) = x(L{j}) + z(j)/c(j); end end x = p*x + delta; cnt = cnt+1; end sprintf('pagerank result:') x
结果为:
0.1072 0.3571 0.2143 0.3214
(2)matlab版本的page rank没有采用mapreduce的思想进行迭代,所以我另外写了一个python版本的利用mapreduce思想实现的pagerank算法(注:我并没有使用python的map和reduce函数去实现,而是使用更加容易明白的实现),使用的阈值为0.0001,最多迭代的次数为100次。
# coding=utf-8 __author__ = 'hujiawei' __doc__ = 'pagerank mapreduce' class Node: def __init__(self,id,pk): self.id=id self.pk=pk def pk_map(map_input): map_output={} for node,outlinks in map_input.items(): for link in outlinks: size=len(outlinks) if link in map_output: map_output[link]+=(float)(node.pk)/size else: map_output[link]=(float)(node.pk)/size return map_output def pk_reduce(reduce_input): for result in reduce_input: for node,value in result.items(): node.pk+=value def pk_clear(nodes): for node in nodes: node.pk=0 def pk_last(nodes): lastnodes=[] for node in nodes: lastnodes.append(Node(node.id,node.pk)) return lastnodes def pk_diff(nodes,lastnodes): diff=0 for i in range(len(nodes)): print('node pk %f, last node pk %f ' % (nodes[i].pk, lastnodes[i].pk)) diff+=abs(nodes[i].pk-lastnodes[i].pk) return diff def pk_test1(): node1 = Node(1, 0.25) node2 = Node(2, 0.25) node3 = Node(3, 0.25) node4 = Node(4, 0.25) nodes = [node1, node2, node3, node4] threshold = 0.0001 max_iters = 100 for iter_count in range(max_iters): iter_count += 1 lastnodes=pk_last(nodes) print('============ map count %d =================' % (iter_count)) in1 = {node1: [node2, node3, node4], node2: [node3, node4]} in2 = {node3: [node1, node4], node4: [node2]} mapout1 = pk_map(in1) mapout2 = pk_map(in2) for node, value in mapout1.items(): print str(node.id) + ' ' + str(value) for node, value in mapout2.items(): print str(node.id) + ' ' + str(value) print('============ reduce count %d =================' % (iter_count)) reducein = [mapout1, mapout2] pk_clear(nodes) pk_reduce(reducein) for node in nodes: print str(node.id) + ' ' + str(node.pk) diff=pk_diff(nodes,lastnodes) if diff < threshold: break if __name__ == '__main__': pk_test1()
得到的结果为如下,总共迭代了15次
1 0.107138774577 2 0.35712924859 3 0.214296601128 4 0.321435375705
上面的结果和Matlab用幂法得到的pagerank值差别很小,可以认为是正确的,所以说明了使用这种mapreduce输入输出格式的正确性。
OK,差不多了,希望对需要理解PageRank算法的人有帮助!